About eDNA
What is eDNA?
Definition and Origin of eDNA
Definition and Origin of eDNA Environmental DNA, also known as eDNA, is the genetic material of organisms that enters the environment – water, soil, sediments, air or snow. Sources of eDNA include feces, skin, mucus, urine, gametes, and decomposition processes. By analyzing environmental samples, we can determine what species occur in a given ecosystem without the need for direct observation or capture.
Applications of eDNA Analysis
eDNA analysis allows for confirmation of the presence of a specific species in a given habitat and for identification of multiple species from a single sample. This method is widely used in environmental inventories, early detection of invasive species, as well as verification of the presence of rare, protected, cryptic, or difficult-to-capture species.
eDNA Persistence
eDNA persistence: In aquatic ecosystems, eDNA typically degrades within a few days of release, but the pace of this process depends on hydrological conditions and water chemistry. Fast decomposition means that its detection requires the use of appropriate sampling and analysis methods that allow for isolation and amplification of even small amounts of available genetic material. Low persistence of eDNA means that its detection indicates a recent presence of the organism, not its historical occurrence. If eDNA of a given species is detected in a sample, it means that the organism must have been present in that location relatively recently. It is therefore not possible to conclude on this basis that the species was present there several months earlier, because its genetic material has most likely already been completely degraded by that time.
Advantages and disadvantages of eDNA analysis
- Non-invasive method – eDNA analysis enables detection of organisms without the need to capture or catch them. This is particularly important in the case of protected and rare species.
- High time and cost efficiency – the method works well for species that are difficult to catch or occur in low densities, allowing for significant time and cost savings in field research. Results can be obtained even within 48 hours from sampling.
- Accuracy and precision – eDNA analysis almost completely eliminates errors in taxon identification. It is particularly useful where traditional species recognition based on morphological features is impossible or very difficult.
- High sensitivity – even trace amounts of DNA in a sample can confirm the presence of a species in a habitat, making the method extremely effective in detecting rare organisms.
- Reliability of results – detection of eDNA indicates recent presence of an organism in a given environment. Thanks to fast decomposition of DNA in water, we can be sure that the analyzed organism was there relatively recently.
- Lack of data on the characteristics of individuals – the method does not provide information on the age, sex or condition of individuals of a given species, but only on their presence or absence in the environment.
- Possible sample contamination – eDNA analysis is highly sensitive, so even minor contamination of a sample with foreign DNA (e.g., through transfer from other containers, clothing, equipment, or contact with inadequately cleaned tools) can lead to false positive results. To avoid this, we recommend using the services of our trained team, which collects samples according to rigorous procedures, ensuring high-quality analyses.
- Problems with hybrid identification – due to low genetic variability, eDNA analysis may not be effective in precisely detecting hybrids.
Laboratory of Natural Research and Analysis
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